The effect of aqueous extract of gross and commercial yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) on intra-abdominal and epididymal fat and glucose levels in male Wistar rats

This study analyzed the plasma lipid profile, glucose levels and fat deposits in male rats treated with aqueous extract of gross yerba mate, commercial yerba mate or water. Yerba mate treatment did not change body weight gain and lipid profile. The consumption of gross yerba mate significantly increased blood glucose (6.6 mmol/L) as compared to the water (4.8 mmol/L) and commercial group (5.2 mmol/L) and decreased epididymal and intra-abdominal deposits (10.1 mg/g and 23.7 mg/g of weight) as compared to the water (15.4 mg/g and 36.9 mg/g of weight) and commercial group (12.5 mg/g and 28 mg/g of weight). The results suggest that gross yerba mate reduces fat more efficiently but produces a greater increase in blood glucose when compared to commercial yerba mate and water groups.     

谷物膳食纤维对高胆固醇饮食小鼠脂质代谢及肠道菌群的影响

本研究旨在探讨谷物膳食纤维(DF)对高胆固醇饮食小鼠的脂质代谢和肠道菌群的影响。选取C57BL/6J小鼠30只,并根据体重随机分为4组,分别饲喂基础饲粮(对照,CO组,n=8)、基础饲粮+5 g/kg DF(CO+DF组,n=8)、高脂高胆固醇饲粮(HF组,n=7)及高脂高胆固醇饲粮+5 g/kg DF(HF+DF组,n=7)。试验期8周,测定各组小鼠生长性能、血清和肝脏生化指标、粪便总胆固醇(TC)、短链脂肪酸(SCFA)、相关肝脏胆固醇和胆汁酸(BA)蛋白表达及肠道菌群。结果表明:1)CO+DF组的最终体重显著低于CO组(P<0.05),与HF组相比,CO组和HF+DF组的4周和最终体重均显著降低(P<0.05),肝脏和脂肪的重量显著减少(P<0.05)。且与HF组相比,DF+HF组摄食效率显著降低(P<0.05)。2)CO+DF组血清TC、甘油三酯(TG)含量及天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)和丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)活性以及肝脏TC和TG含量显著低于CO组(P<0.05),CO组和HF+DF组显著低于HF组(P<0.05),粪便TC含量仅在HF+DF组显著低于HF组(P<0.05)。3)DF对肝脏胆固醇调节元件结合蛋白-2(SREBP-2)、3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGR)、肝脏X受体α(LXRα)、微管相关蛋白1轻链3-Ⅰ(LC3-Ⅰ)和微管相关蛋白1轻链3-Ⅱ(LC3-Ⅱ)蛋白表达没有显著影响(P>0.05)。CO+DF组肝脏胆固醇7-羟化酶(Cyp7a1)的蛋白表达水平显着低于CO组(P<0.05),但HF组和HF+DF组之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。4)HF+DF组的粪便总SCFA和丙酸盐含量显著高于HF组(P<0.05)。与相应的对照组相比,CO+DF组和HF+DF组的粪便丁酸盐含量显著增加(P<0.05)。5)在门水平上,DF组厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度减少,HF+DF组的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度高于HF组。梭状芽孢杆菌属ⅪⅤa(ClostridiumⅪⅤ)相对丰度在CO+DF组和HF+DF组显著增加(P<0.05)。此外,与其他组相比,仅HF+DF组中阿克曼菌属(Akkermansia)相对丰度显著增加(P<0.05)。由此可见,每千克饲粮添加5 g DF可降低饲喂含脂45%饲粮小鼠的体重和肝脏脂肪含量,降低血清TC、TG含量及AST和ALT活性以及肝脏TC和TG含量,降低胆固醇合成相关蛋白Cyp7a1的表达水平,提高总SCFA含量及肠道有益菌群和优势菌群相对丰度。     

柠檬酸铜对肉鸡生产性能、血脂指标和组织胆固醇含量的影响

【目的】探讨柠檬酸铜对肉鸡生产性能、血脂指标和组织胆固醇含量的影响。【方法】采用单因子设计,将420只7日龄AA肉鸡随机分为7组,每组设3个重复,每个重复20只,公母各半。Ⅰ(对照)～Ⅶ组日粮分别添加0,50,100,150,200,250和300mg/kg柠檬酸铜,49日龄空腹称体质量,计算采食量、日增质量和料肉比。每组取6只鸡,采集血样、肝脏和胸腿肌,测定血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)及肝脏、胸腿肌胆固醇含量。【结果】与Ⅰ组(对照)相比,Ⅳ～Ⅶ组肉鸡日增质量及日采食量均显著增加(P<0.05),料肉比显著降低(P<0.05);血清TC、TG、LDL-C、VLDL-C显著降低(P<0.05),HDL-C显著升高(P<0.05);胸腿肌、肝脏中的胆固醇含量显著降低(P<0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ及Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ组间,以上指标差异均不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】日粮中添加150～300mg/kg柠檬酸铜,具有提高肉鸡生产性能、降低肉鸡血脂和组织胆固醇含量的效果。     

磷对奶牛红细胞膜脂质的影响

对１５例临床上有明显低磷血症的奶牛血清磷、红细胞膜脂质成分进行了测定。结果表明，低磷血症奶牛血清磷、红细胞膜磷脂明显降低；红细胞膜胆固醇及膜胆固醇／磷脂摩尔比值（ｎｃｈ／ｎｐｌ）明显升高，与健康对照组牛相比差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；直线相关分析表明，血清磷与红细胞膜磷脂之间呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．９１７，ｙ＝１０．８５２ｘ＋３．１９６，Ｐ＜０．０１）；与红细胞膜胆固醇以及ｎｃｈ／ｎｐｌ之间分别呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．９４０，ｙ＝２．８５０ｘ－１．０７２，Ｐ＜０．０１；ｒ＝－０．９２０，ｙ＝１．９６８ｘ－１．４０１，Ｐ＜０．０１）。此外，红细胞膜微粘度与膜磷脂之间呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．９５４，ｙ＝１９．１２２ｘ－４．３８４，Ｐ＜０．０１），而与膜胆固醇以及ｎｃｈ／ｎｐｌ之间呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．９８８，ｙ＝０．９２７ｘ＋０．９６４，Ｐ＜０．０１；ｒ＝０．９７８，ｙ＝－０．２９３ｘ＋１．１１３，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果表明，磷是红细胞膜脂质成分改变的先决因素，而后者又是红细胞膜流动性及膜结构、功能发生变化并导致膜损伤的一个重要因素。     

Effects of Moringa oleifera silage on milk yield,nutrient digestibility and serum biochemical indexes of lactating dairy cows

This study investigated the effects of Moringa oleifera (MO) as a partial substitute of alfalfa hay on milk yield, nutrient apparent digestibility and serum biochemical indexes of dairy cows. MO was harvested at 120 days post‐seeding. Fresh MO was cut, mixed with chopped oat hay (425:575 on a DM basis), ensiled and stored for 60 days. Sixty healthy Holstein dairy cows were allocated to one of three groups: NM (no MO or control), LM (low MO; 25% alfalfa hay and 50% maize silage were replaced by MO silage) or HM (high MO; 50% alfalfa hay and 100% maize silage were replaced by MO silage). The feeding trial lasted 35 days. The LM and HM diets did not affect dry matter (DM) intake, milk yield or milk composition (lactose, milk fat, milk protein and somatic cell count). The apparent digestibility of DM and NDF was lower for HM group than NM group. Additionally, there were no significant differences in serum biochemical indexes between the LM and NM groups. The HM group had lower serum concentrations of total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and higher serum concentrations of urea than the NM group. The partial replacement of alfalfa hay (≤50%) and maize silage with MO silage had no negative effects on milk yield, in vivo nutrient apparent digestibility or serum biochemical indexes of lactating cows.     

肉碱对中华鳖脂肪代谢的影响

选用1 170只211日龄中华鳖进行养殖试验,研究不同剂量(0,50,100 mg/kg)的l-肉碱对中华鳖脂肪代谢的影响. 通过解剖取样测定肝脏、四肢肌肉和脂肪块的脂肪代谢酶活性及肌细胞内脂肪酸β-氧化反应等生化指标,探讨其作用机理. 结果表明,在饲料中添加100 mg/kg l-肉碱显著降低了中华鳖四肢的脂肪沉积量的27.11%(P<0.01),肝脏和脂肪中的苹果酸脱氢酶及脂肪中激素敏感脂酶总活力分别提高了24.32%(P<0.01)、32.22%(P<0.01)和14.88%(P<0.05),肌肉和脂肪中脂蛋白脂酶总活力分别提高了27.08%(P<0.01)和13.18%(P<0.05),肌肉中游离肉碱、总酸不溶肉碱含量分别升高了16.92%(P<0.01)和38.24%(P<0.01).     

黄鳝体长与血清胆固醇含量关系的分析

测定了不同体长黄鳝血清的胆固醇含量,发现黄鳝体长(x)与血清胆固醇含量(y)之间存在极显著的直线相关,回归方程y=6.059x 2.164,相关系数r=0.628 6.     

Ostrich meat: Production,quality parameters,and nutritional comparison to other types of meats

The poultry industry is considered one of the most efficient industries in producing animal protein. Poultry production consists of several main segments: broilers, commercial eggs, turkeys, ducks, and other poultry, including geese, guinea-fowl, pheasants, quail, and ratites. Currently, ostrich meat is marketed as a healthy red meat because it is characterized by high polyunsaturated fatty acid contents, low saturated fatty acid content, and low cholesterol level compared with red meats, such as beef, while tasting similar to lean beef. Ostrich meat contains lower sodium and higher iron contents than other kinds of meat, making it preferable to hypertensive people and those with anemia. Taken together, ostrich meat is considered as an ideal red meat for individuals seeking healthier lifestyle. Moreover, many different ostrich products, such as leather and feathers, are used by people. The current review paper considers the quality characteristics of ostrich meat, including physical traits, and compares it to other types of meats, such as bovine and other poultry meats.